Slokas
aagaara niyamam
thaniyan
seeraarum vEdhaantha dhEsi garkOn
sezhumaRaiyi NnutporuLaich sindhai seydhE
yaaraayndhu vaazhvuRavip puviyOr thangat
kanbudanE yaagaara niyathi sonnaa
NnEraaru methiraasa raruLi NnaalE
yedhirnthavargaL singamena vingu vandhOn
seeraarum vEngadavan RooppuR piLLai
sezhunthiirutthaa LiNaimalaren senni mElE.
aagaarath thiruvagaiyaa nanRun^ theethu
marumaRaikoN dethiraasa rivaimo zindhaa
raagaadha vazhivilakki yaakkuNG kaNNa
Nnanaitthulagum vaazhavidhu saaRRi vaitthaan
pOgaathu pOkkuvikku munivar sonna
poyyaatha mozhigaLaiyum porundhak kENmi
Nnaagaathen Ravaithavirnthaa madhuvE koNda
vasagaranu maakangaath tharuLpeR RaanE. [1]
vaayilallaa vaayilinaal vandha sORum
varagumudha laagaathen Ruraittha sORum
vaayininRum vizhumavaithaam patta sORum
vaaykkoNda kavaLatthin migundha sORun^
theeyavar_kaN paduncOrun^ theethaR sOruNY
seeraiyurai thummalivai patta sORu
naaymudhalaa Nnavaipaarkkun^ theeNduNY sORu
naadooythal laaccORu naNNaach sORE. [2]
manisar_pasu mudhalaanOr mOndha sORu
manisar_thami laagaathaar theeNduNY sORu
minimaiyuda Nnaatharamil laathaar sORu
meeppuzhun^oon mayirugirga LirukkuNY sORu
munivarenun^ thuRavaRtthO reendha sORu
munivar_thangaL paatthiratthiR patta sORu
manisareli kukkudangaL kaagam poonai
vaaykkoNda kaRisORu maruvaach sORE. [3]
atthigaLpE raarkkiRali veNkath thaari
yaalarasu naRuvilipuNG kaayi laarai
putthikolli kuRincithaanRi kusumbai vELai
punamurungai murungaisuga muLari yuLLi
siRRavarai kommatti paNNai thoyyil
seengaadan RERaloovai panaima yooran
sutthiyilaa nilatthilavai kadambu kaaLaan
suraipeerkkuch saNandhinnaar suruthi yOrE. [4]
siRukeerai sevvagatthi murukki raNduNY
siRupasaLai perumpasaLai yamma NandhaaL
paRitthoruvar kodaathirukkath thaanE senRu
paaynthedutthuk kuLLumavai pagiraak kooRuNG
kuRitthaalun^ thinnavoNaak kaippu varppuNG
koorkkumavai yazhalumavai kodumpu LippuNG
kaRikkaagaa vivaiyenRu kaNdu raitthaar
kaarmEni yaruLaaLar kadakath thaarE. [5]
maalamudhu seyyaamal vandha vellaam
varuvirundhil vazhangaamal vaittha vellaaNG
kaalamidhu vanRenRu kazhittha vellaaNG
kadaiyinvaruNG kaRi mudhala kazhuvaa vellaa
noolisaiyaa vazhikaLinaal vandha vellaa
nugaraadha thudanparakaNY seydha vellaaNY
seelamilaach siRiyOraak kinivu nallOr
selamalangaL pattanavun^ thinnaar thaamE. [6]
dhEvarkaLuk kivaiyenRu vaittha vellaaNY
sivanmudhalaath dhEvarkaLuk kitta vellaa
maavimudha laanavaRRuk kaakaa vellaa
madhuvidhuven RaRiyavari thaana vellaa
naavilidu vadhaRkarithaa yiruppa vellaa
nanRenRu thammuLLa misaiyaa vellaa
mOviyan^aa LOvaadha poovuNG kaayu
mutthamarka Lattuppu mugavaar thaamE. [7]
kiLincinmudhal suttanasuN Naambu thaanuNG
kiLarpunali lezhungumizhi nuraika daamum
viLaindhathanin mudhanmaaluk keeyaa vellaam
viLaindhan^ila maRugaampen Rezhundha vellaaNG
kaLaindhamanath thaarmaRRuNG kazhittha vellaaNG
kadiyamuthi Nniyamatthaar kazhittha vellaaNG
theLindhapunaR RiruvEnga datthu maaRan
RiruvaaNai kadavaathaar thinnaar thaamE. [8]
mEralathu saarangaL vaangiR Rellaa
muzhuppagalil viLanganiyun^ thaanan^ thaanu
mOriravi leLLudanE koodiR Rellaa
meLlathani leNNeythayir tharupaN daanga
LOr_thavatthai mandhiratthai yozhippa vellaa
muNNaatha naatkaLiloo Nandhip pOthoo
NaaraNanaa radipaNiyu nallOr naaLu
naLLiravi looNumivai yuNNar thaamE. [9]
kuLimudhalaa Nnavaiseyyaa thuNNu mooNuNG
koottallaap pndhiyilooN piRarkai yooNu
naLimathithee viLakkaaga vuNNu mooNu
naLLiravil viLakkinRi yuNNu mooNuNG
kiLimozhiyaa LooNaan^iRkak kaNava NnooNuNG
keezhOrai nOkkooNu midakkai yooNu
moLimaRaiyOr maRRumuga vaadha vooNu
moLiyaranga radipaNivaa rugavaar thaamE. [10]
ecchiRanil vaarkkun^n^ey yirupaa kanga
LirumpaaluNG kaiyaalu mitta vellaam
pacchaiyalaaR kaditthakuRai pazhaiya voosal
piRaragatthup paagancey theduttha vanna
nacchinavai pazhitthavaimaN NaaRRan^ theethu
nagatthaalE viNavaithaaNG kaaNU mooppum
picchuLathaa mavaikaadi pinnai paagam
pisinkadaniR sivandhathuvum pizhaiyoo NaamE. [11]
thaathain^allaa siriyanmudhaR Ramaiya Nnecchi
RaraNisurar sOmatthi lirundhu mecchin
maadhaakadakuk kaNavanitha maana vecchin
mayirpuzhun^ool vizhundhaalum punidha maNNin
maadhavatthuk kooviLangaay mugavaa satthu
maadhuLangaay maraNamvariR kazhittha vellaa
mOthivaittha vuNNaan^aa Lukandha vettu
muLavenRuNG kazhitthavaRRi NnanRaa mooNE.
[12]
maakarumbin saaRuthayir paaney paakku
vaLaimiLagu thEnElam panin^ee raathi
yaagarasan^ thooythaagu maRiyaa vellaa
maRiyaathaark kaRiyaLavun^ thooya vaaguNY
saagaranga dooyanavaa moovaakkaL koodiR
salamellaaNG gangaiyathaa muparaa katthin
maagarangaL piNamudhalaa manaitthuNG koNdu
varupunalun^ thooyathaagum vEgath thaalE. [13]
theeyaalE neerozhiya vEndha vellaan^
theeyidutha lozhindhidavE pazhuttha vellaan^
theeyaalu neeraalum vendha vaRRiR
RERavular nellumudha laana vellaa
moosaadha maavadaka mappaNY seedai
yurottimudha laamavaRRiR pazhaiya thEnuNG
koosaathE koNdidumin puthiya thEnuNG
koLLEnmin RannirathaNG kulaindhak kaalE. [14]
thalaippayanaam vigaarangaL saaga dangaL
sakkaranga danakkadaittha marundhu thaanuNG
kalakkamilaa nanneeril vaittha sORum
kaRimOrn^ey paaRayir_kaL kalandha sORum
vilakkamilaa maakkannaR kOthu matthaal
viLaivuRavaak kiyan^alvi kaaran^ thaanu
milaikkaRipO livaiyanaitthum pazhaiya vEnu
men^n^aaLum vaitthuNNa visaigin RaarE. [15]
thayirthannin vigaarangaL pooviR kaayiR
pazhatthilvaruNY saaRoosa Rooya vaagu
muyirazhiyaa maikkuNNaa voosa luNNi
luRakkazhuvi neythEnit tuNNa laagum
payinmaRain^oo luraiyaatha pazhaiya voosal
pazhippilathaa neyyaalen Ruraitthaan sangan
mayirmudhalaa Nnavaipinnum patta thaayin
maNNeermaR RuraitthavaRRaal varanga LaamE. [16]
orukuLambi yirukanRi yotta kappaa
luppudanpaan mOrudanpaan maadhar thampaal
karuvudaiya vaRRinpaal kanRi laappaan
maRukanRaaR kaRandhidumpaa Ririndhi dumpaa
RirumaLaar kaNavanalaath dheyvath thinpEr
sinnamudai yavaRRinpaal semma Rippaal
parivathilan^ thaNarvilaippaal sembi NniRpaa
Reethaampaa livaiyanaitthum parugaap paalE. [17]
gangaiyalla thiraNdaan^aaL vaittha neeruNG
kaalkazhivi migun^eeruNG kalanga Nneerun^
thenginuLa thaayttheeyaaR kaayndha neeruNY
siRukuzhin^eer vazhitthaNNeerp pandha NneeruNY
sangaiyudai neervaNNaan RuRaiyi Nneerun^
thaaraiyinaa lEcchilithu venRa neeruNY
sangukala maakkoNdu parugu neerun^
tharaiyilvizhaa mazhain^eerun^ thaviru neerE. [18]
veRRilaimun RinnaathE thinnum paakkum
veRRilaiyi Nnadin^uniyu naduvi leerkum
veRRilaiyum paakkumudan koottith thinnum
vidhavaikku mudhanmudivaach siramath thaarkkum
veRRilaiyuNY suNNaambi Nnilaiyu maRRum
viradhangoN didun^aaLveR Rilaiyum paakkum
veRRilaithin Nnaan^iRkap parugu neerum
vidhaiyenavaith thathuthinalum vilakki NnaarE. [19]
saathiguNa maacchiraman^ dhEsaNG kaalan^
tharumanga NimitthangaN mudhalaa vOthum
pOthamudha laagavoru thiravi yandhaan
parindhun^alan^ theenginaiyum peRRu niRkum
paathamisaip piRanthOrkkuk kabilai yinpaal
parugidalaa kaathenRu maRaiyOr sonnaa
rathalinaa lOthiyuNarn^ thavarpaa lellaa
madikkadiyuNG kEttayarvu theermi NneerE. [20]
kangiruLaal vidiyaadha vulaguk kellaNG
kaiviLakkaa mivaiyenRu kaNnan kaattum
pongupuga zhaagamanga deLiyach sonna
poruLivain^aam puNNiyar_paaR kEttuch sonnO
mangudalum poruLumalla thaRiyaa maandhar
valaiyuLagap pattuvaram pazhiyaa thenRum
pangayamaa thuRRavaru LaaLar thampaaR
patthimigu pavitthirangaL payinmi NneerE. [21]
seeraar thooppil thiruvEngadamudaiyaan thiruvadigaLE
saraNam.
Commentary
Thanian:
The vEdhaantha dEsikar, the one with the grace of Ethiraajaa stood like a lion and triumphed over many debating adversaries; researched the vEdhaas and saasthraas, with the view to guide us in choosing foods that ennoble us and avoid foods that debase us, has given us this prabhandam called aagaara niyamam. I shall wear His flower like thiruvadi as an ornament on my head.
[1]
All chEthanaas must understand that there are two kinds of foods, those that are ennobling (saathveega) and those that are debasing (thaamasa). These are described by KaNNan in sri bagavath geethai, by Ethiraajaa in srimadh geethaa bhaashyam, and by many rishees in many saasthraas and smrithees. By following these principles, ajakaran attained mOksham. Likewise, we must understand and follow these rules.
[2] Forbidden foods:
– Foods that are not brought into the house through the main door.
– grains such as varagu, etc.
– foods that mingle with stuff that have fallen from the mouth
– remainder of what was put into the mouth
– foods seen by immoral people
– foods that are burnt
– foods touched by clothes, or contaminated by saliva or sneeze.
– foods seen or touched by dogs
– foods cooked on days such as Ekaadhasi
[3] forbidden foods continued…
– foods smelt by animals or people
– foods touched by people with decease
– foods that are not offered with kindness
– foods contacted by fly, worm, thread, hair, and nail
– foods offered by sanyaasi or touched by his vessel
– foods touched by the mouth of people, rats, chicken, crow, and cat.
[4]
This paasruam lists the vegetables that are forbidden. I can’t recognize many of them. Of the ones I am able to recognize, I don’t know the English names. The rest are listed below.
white eggplant, lotus stem, garlic, certain kinds of spinach, mushroom, certain kinds of drumstick
[5] More forbidden foods:
Vegetables taken from other’s garden without permission, portion that is set aside for oneself prior to the partaking of the rest of the group, foods that are exceedingly bitter, salty, pepper hot, or sour.
[6] More forbidden foods:
Foods that were not offered to our Lord, foods that were not offered to the guests, foods that were cooked without first cleaning them, foods earned in immoral ways, cooked with other foods that are forbidden, cooked by unclean children, and foods that are contaminated by excrements.
[7] forbidden foods continued…
– foods intended for dEvathaas
– foods offered to dEvathaas such as Sivan
– foods that harm our praaNan and indhriyam
– foods that are unrecognizable
– foods that are intolerably hot
– foods that are not palatable to the mind
– vegetables and flowers that bloom in an untimely fashion
– dirty salt.
[8] forbidden foods continued…
– Calcium (suNNaambu) extracted from sea shells
– bubbles and froth from water
– foods that are not offered to our Lord
– harvested from the stems that were previously harvested
– foods avoided by learned persons with pure heart
[9] forbidden foods continued…
– Foods from which the essence is taken out, except buttermilk
– viLaam fruit and popped rice during the day
– foods prepared with curd and sesame seed oil, during night time
– foods that are said to give magical powers
– no foods on Ekaadasi days, and at dusk or midnight.
[10] Do not eat,
– before your shower and sandhya japam
– alone, eat with a group of bhakthaas
– foods that are mashed by someone else
– under the moonlight or fire
– husband and wife together
– while staring at inferior individuals
– with your left hand
– anything that is avoided by religious people.
[11] Do not eat,
– ghee that is served after you have begun eating
– foods that have been cooked twice (reheated?)
– foods served by bare hand or spatulas made of iron, (uncooked foods may be served by bare hand)
– foods already bitten into,
– old, and spoilt foods
– foods prepared in someone else’s house (no potluck)
– foods that someone else wanted or rejected
– foods with smell of earth, or separated by finger nails, salt that you can see
– separated for one self and guests
– sap coming out of trees, except asafoetida.
Foods that may be accepted are listed now.
[12] Accept without hesitation,
– foods with the saliva of one’s father, teacher, and
first older brother
– Saliva in the sOmaa vessel during sOma yaagam
– foods with husband’s saliva for wife, if such food is contaminated with hair, worm, or thread, these may be removed properly and the food accepted
– maadhuLangaay, only during our Lord’s mugavaaSa soorNam
– all prohibited foods during calamitous times
– water, roots, ghee, milk, havis from yaagam,
nimandhraNam, guru’s teachings, and medicine
may be accepted even during fasting days.
[13] Accept without hesitation,
– sugar cane juice, yogurt, milk, ghee, beetle nut,
pepper, honey, cardamon, water made from snow
– anything until you realize its blemish
Dip in the ocean is permitted on full moon day and new moon day. During times of lunar and solar eclipse all waters will be considered equal to gangaa water; water in rivers, even if it carries horses, donkeys and cadaver, will become purified with current.
[14] Accept without hesitation,
– foods cooked without water
– fruits ripened on their own accord
– boiled rice
– vadaam, snacks such as appam, seedai, rotti, even if they are old, but tasty; do not accept foods that are fresh, but not tasty
[15] Accept without hesitation,
– Foods prepared with milk, like thirattuppaal
– snacks like thEnkuzhal, muRukku, etc.,
– medicines prescribed by physicians, flower, vellam, wheat
– old rice that is soaked in clean water may be taken with buttermilk, ghee, milk, yogurt
[16] Accept without hesitation,
– snacks made of yogurt and juice of flower,
vegetables, and fruits; these are OK even if they are slightly spoilt.
– foods that are spoilt may be taken during calamitous times by cleansing them and adding ghee and honey. If these foods are further contaminated with hair or other unclean stuff, cleanse them with sand and water.
[17] Forbidden milk
– milk from one hoofed animals like horse or donkey
– cow that has twin calf, or camel milk
– salt added milk
– milk from women
– milk from pregnant cow
– milk extracted with the help of calf that does not belong to the cow
– cows that belong to temples (?)
– goat milk, milk bought from brahmins
– milk kept in copper vessels, burnt milk
[18] Forbidden water
– Water from previous day, except gangaa water
– remainder of water used for cleaning feet
– murky water
– heated coconut water
– water gathered in a ditch
– water offered in “water-sheds”
– doubtful water, water taken from where washermen work
– water contaminated by saliva
– water from conch
– rain water that has not fallen on the ground
[19] about beetle leaves
– don’t chew beetle nut without beetle leaves
– don’t consume the bottom, stem, or tip of beetle leaves
– don’t chew beetle leaves and nuts at the same time
– widows, sanyaasi, and bachelors must not consume beetle leaves
– don’t consume the beetle leaf used to keep calcium
– never use beetle leaves on fasting days such as Ekaadasi
– don’t drink water while chewing beetle leaves
[20]
A particular food item may be acceptable or forbidden based on the caste, stage in life, geography, time of eclipse, individual dharmam, etc., etc. For example, it is said that milk from kapilai cow is acceptable for brahmins, but forbidden for shudraas. Therefore, one must approach learned people and get your doubts clarified.
[21]
For the benefit of people who live in this world characterized by lack of wisdom, Lord kaNNan showed many principles in saasthraas. After consulting with aachaaryaas these principles have been laid out in this prabhandam. Guard yourself against the agnostics who believe only in this transient body and world. Consume only those saathvega foods that helps us amplify our devotion to the thiruvadi of pEraruLaaLan.
For further reading, adiyen is also found this nice text.
Right from Vedic literature down to the Itihasas and Puranas, we find scattered references to vegetables and other edibles that can be consumed and those that are better avoided in order to ensure the augmentation of Satva and preclusion of Rajo and Tamo.
Here we tried to collect some basics on aahara niyamam laid by our Acharyas.
According to Swami Ramanuja, There are three kinds of food to be avoided, as enjoined in the Sruthi. The classification covers the details of the discrimination to be followed among vegetarian foods, and it is understood that non-vegetarian to be completely avoided.
They are known as
1) JATHIDUSHTAM, that belonging to the prohibited class of food, like eating onion, garlic, etc…
2) ASHRAYA DUSHTAM: prohibited on account of asraya, a source like chAndAlAdhidhravya, coming from impure (immoral) houses, etc
3) NIMITTHA DUSHTAM: contaminated food like remains of food eaten by someone else, ucchishtam, or polluted by the hair, etc.. we can say hygiene wise
Omitting these kinds of Food is viveka with reference to the body, resulting in kAyasuddhi(Purity of the body), physical purity. The purity observed in eating helps one to attain satthvasuddhi (purity of the mind) which in its turn helps to attain dhruvasmrthi (continuous and constant association with lord),
1) JATHIDUSHTAM: Vegetables to be avoided: Country Fig (அத்தி), White Fig (இறலி), White Egg Plant/White Brinjal (வெள்ளை கத்தாரி), Fruit and flower from banyan tree (ஆல்)/ Peepal Tree, palm heart, Onion, Garlic, Drumstick, சிறிய அவரை (A small type of beans, small avarakkai), Mushrooms (காளான்), Radish (முள்ளங்கி), Bottle Gourd (சுரைக்காய்), Ridge Gourd (பீர்கங்காய்), Celosia (பண்ணைக் கீரை), Unripe Pomegranate (மாதுளங்காய்), Lotus Stalk (தாமரைக் கிழங்கு), Pasalakkeerai (பசலைக்கீரை), Sanarkeerai (சனர்க்கீரை), Sirukkeerai (சிறுக்கீரை), Red Agathik keerai (சிவப்பு அகத்தி), pannaikkeerai, thoyyirkkeerai and all that grew on tainted ground. Other than Asafoedita (பெருங்காயம்) any food item that is made out of the sap of trees is to be avoided.
2) ASHRAYA DUSHTAM : Food that is bought through money earned in illegitimate ways (not authorized by the sastras), Food that is borrowed from a sanyasi and food that has come in contact with a sanyasi’s vessel, Unwashed fruits/vegetables bought from outside shops are to be avoided
3) NIMITTHA DUSHTAM : Food that has been contaminated by the presence of flies, worms, hair, nails, Spittle, cloth (ie food that spills on to our clothes), thread, sneeze, saliva (even its is of one’s own), partially `bitten’ by others are to be avoided
Other than above some division on taste, time, etc :
Food that is extremely – salty, sour, bitter, spicy, cold, hot, overheated is to be avoided.
Food that is burnt should be avoided.
Food that is not offered to the Lord and then guest before consumption is to be avoided
Food smelt by animals or people, touched by people with the disease, contacted by fly/worm/thread/hair/nail, touched by the mouth of people/rat/dogs/chicken/crow/cat should be avoided.
Calcium (சுண்ணம்பு) extracted from seashells, bubbles and forth from water should be avoided
Other than buttermilk, any other food item whose composition has been diluted is not to be consumed.
Donot consume puffed rice (பொரி) and wood-apple fruit (விளாம்பழம்) during the day time.
Do not consume any food item containing sesame (எள்ளு)/sesame seed oil, gingelly, curds during night time.
Ghee that served after you started eating should not be consumed.
No food can be taken at sunrise, sunset and midnight.
Food cooked on Ekadasi and other days of fasting should be avoided
Food cooked without bathing should not be consumed.
Food cooked twice (reheated) should not be consumed.
Food that interferes with mantra Japam/penance or that said to give magical powers should be avoided.
No food can be taken without taking bath and washing hands, and completing ablutions (Parishechanam) and Should not leave without completing the final Parishechanam
Don’t eat under moonlight or fire (should eat with burning lamp) .
Don’t eat – with left hand.
Don’t eat food served by bare hands or spatulas made of Iron (*uncooked food may be served by bare hands)
Don’t eat the food that is mashed by someone else.
Foods – intended for dEvathaas, offered to dEvathaas such as Sivan should be avoided
Foods that harm our praaNan/ indhriyam and that are unrecognizable are to be avoided
Food offered without love and affection should be avoided.
Food which can be consumed without restriction :
Food items like sugarcane juice (கரும்புச்சாறு), curd (தயிர்), milk (பால்), ghee (நெய்), betel nut (பாக்கு)( Widows, Brahmacharis and Sannyasis should not use betel leaves), pepper, honey (தேன்), cardamom (ஏலக்காய்), jaggery, flours, wheat flour, Tender Coconut Water, Juice of flowers/ raw vegetables/ fruits are beyond dhoshams and can be consumed anytime.
Food items that have been cooked in heat without the addition of water, fruits that ripe naturally (and not by artificial methods), raw vegetables ,boiled rice (புழுங்கல் அரிசி*), vadaam (வடாம்), appam (அப்பம்), seedai (சீடை), thenkuzhal (தேன்குழல்), milk derivatives like thiratti paal (திரட்டிப்பால்), etc. can be consumed even if they have gone beyond their use-by date.
On fasting days, one is allowed to consume water, tubers (கிழங்குகள்), ghee, milk, havis (ஹவிஸ்) from yagams and medicines.
Food that is contaminated by the saliva of one’s father, one’s acharyan and one’s first elder brother can be consumed. Wives can consume the food contaminated by the saliva of their husbands.
Also, cooked rice from the previous night, when stored in clean water (பழையது/பழைய சாதம்) can be consumed
Sri Ramanujacharya’s Sri Bhasyam – `Sarvanna Anumatyati Karanam’ Sutras 446 to 448 declares – that in times of danger to life one can consume any food and such intake will not go against Pramanas and Smritis. But, SUTRA 449, However, Clearly and Categorically Forbids Consumption of Liquor even in the Face of Danger to Life.